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Estate & Business Planning Law Firm Serving the Providence & Cranston, RI Areas

What’s the Age Cut-Off for a Roth IRA?

Roth IRAs aren’t just for young people, as long as you meet the criteria regarding income, how much you may contribute and when you’re eligible for penalty-free withdrawals. A recent article, “Are You Too Old to Benefit From a Roth IRA?” from U.S. News & World Report, explains the benefits and requirements for older workers considering a Roth IRA.

Requirements for a Roth IRA

Once you meet the qualifications, you can add funds to a Roth IRA at any age. In 2024, the contribution limit Is $7,000 or $8,000 if you’re 50 or older. The account must be open for at least five years to take penalty-free withdrawals in retirement. If you take funds out early, you could face penalties, and contributions to a Roth IRA may only be made from earned income.

A single person may add funds to a Roth IRA if they earn up to $146,000. After that, the amount you may contribute is phased out until income reaches $161,000, after which you can’t add funds directly to the account. For married couples, the income threshold is less than $230,000.

Roth IRA Tax Benefits

Funds are taxed before they go into a Roth IRA account, giving the advantage of the account the tax-free distributions of contributions and earnings. In addition to the five-year rule, you’ll need to meet these eligibility requirements:

  • The original owner dies, and you inherit the Roth IRA.
  • The owner is at least 59 ½ years old.
  • The owner meets disability requirements.
  • The distribution is used for first-time homeowner expenses of up to $10,000.

Age Considerations

If you’re in your 70s and still working, there are some facts to consider before opening a Roth IRA. The tax-free growth of Roth IRAs works best as the holding period increases. The up-front tax costs may be very high if you’re in your highest income level and a higher tax bracket. This makes a Roth IRA more advantageous for younger contributors. However, if you work part-time, your lower taxable income might make the Roth IRA an excellent way to save.

Passing Funds to Heirs

With traditional IRAs or 401(k)s, Required Minimum Distributions start at a certain age, usually after celebrating your 73rd birthday. However, there are no RMDs for Roth IRAs, and the funds remaining in the account after you die could be passed on tax-free. Beneficiaries may inherit the Roth IRA while allowing it to grow tax-deferred for up to ten years, then take the money without paying taxes.

Opening a Roth IRA later in life should be coordinated with your overall retirement and estate plan to be sure it works in concert with your overall estate plan. When reviewing your estate plan, it’s something to discuss with your estate planning attorney.

Reference: U.S. News & World Report (Dec. 29, 2023) “Are You Too Old to Benefit From a Roth IRA?”

How Do I Start Saving for Retirement, if I’ve Been Lazy?

Many people think that time is running out for them to save.

Most Americans (66%) worry that if they don’t increase their retirement savings soon, it will be too late for them to have a comfortable retirement.

This is up from 61% last year, reports Forbes’ recent article, “It’s Not Too Late to Save for Retirement: Five Ways to Step It Up.”

  1. Take advantage of all benefits through your employer. Your employer likely has benefits to help you save for retirement. Many employers offer to match employee contributions to their 401(k) plans. An easy way to increase your savings is to make sure you contribute enough to get the full match.

Failing to contribute enough to get the full match is like throwing away free money. Some employers also offer programs to help employees receive matching funds without reaching the contribution threshold. For example, starting in 2024, a provision in the SECURE 2.0 Act will let employers match contributions to retirement savings for the amount employees pay back in student loans.

  1. Increase savings by 1%. The best way to have more in savings is to save more. A good strategy is to increase your contributions to retirement savings accounts by 1% every year.
  2. Convert savings into a Roth IRA. One way to control taxes on your savings is to convert it into a Roth IRA. Many retirement savings are made in tax-deferred accounts like a 401(k) or IRA. Taxes will be due when you begin withdrawing from those accounts to fund your retirement, so converting those funds into a Roth account and paying taxes now can help lower your taxes and increase your retirement nest egg.
  3. Consider where you’ll retire. Your take-home retirement income will vary based on where you live. If you worry about stretching your savings, living in a low-tax state could help. Eight states have no income taxes (Alaska, Florida, Nevada, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, and Wyoming). They don’t tax wages, salaries, dividends, interest, or any income, including Social Security benefits.
  4. Make catch-up contributions. If you are 50+, the IRS lets you contribute additional money to 401(k) and IRAs above the standard limit. This can help increase your savings in tax-advantaged accounts.

Reference: Forbes (June 5, 2023) “It’s Not Too Late to Save for Retirement: Five Ways to Step It Up”

How Are Retirees Spending Their Nest Eggs?

The Investment Company Institute recently surveyed more than 9,000 adults to learn more about the characteristics and activities of those with IRA accounts, says Money Talks News’ recent article entitled, “3 Ways Retirees Are Spending Their IRA Savings.”

As part of the survey, ICI looked at what retiree households —those in which the head of household or spouse has retired from their lifetime occupation — do with the money they take out of their traditional IRAs.

Here’s what they said:

  1. Reinvest or save it in another account. Almost half (44%) of retiree households used a traditional IRA withdrawal. It can be tough to stop when you have spent year after year scrimping and saving for retirement. Maybe that’s why so many people withdraw funds from their IRA and put the cash right back to work.
  2. Pay for living expenses. Thirty-seven percent of retiree households said that they used a traditional IRA withdrawal for this purpose. The whole point of building a nest egg is to make sure you have enough money to pay the bills in retirement, and for many of the survey respondents, paying for living expenses is the primary reason they tap their IRA.
  3. Buy, repair, or remodel a home. About 15% of retiree households said that they used a traditional IRA withdrawal for this purpose. In addition, retirees often tap an IRA to spruce up their homes. While this might sound surprising, it shouldn’t be because housing is the No. 1 expense most people face during their golden years.

Here are some other common reasons why retirees use their IRAs, according to the survey:

  • Some other purpose: 12%
  • Spent it on a car, boat, or big-ticket item other than a home: 6%
  • Used it for an emergency: 5%
  • Spent it on a health care expense: 4%
  • Paid for education: 1%

Reference: Money Talks News (February 25, 2023) “3 Ways Retirees Are Spending Their IRA Savings”

How Do I Maximize My IRA?

IRAs are valuable tools for retirement savings because they offer tax benefits in exchange for putting aside money for your golden years. Money Talks News’ recent article entitled “8 Ways to Maximize Your Traditional or Roth IRA” explains that contributions to IRAs are capped at $6,000 per year for most people, and that can make it difficult to amass the $1 million some people suggest is needed for retirement. Nonetheless, you can maximize your IRA contributions – both this year and over time – by using these ideas.

  1. Know your IRA options. See if you’re eligible to open a specialized IRA with a higher contribution limit. Self-employed people can also contribute to a SEP IRA. These Simplified Employee Pension plans let workers save 25% of their compensation.
  2. Don’t forget about the catch-up contributions. When you reach 50, you’re eligible to make catch-up contributions to traditional and Roth IRAs. It’s another $1,000 a year. Therefore, everyone age 50+ can contribute a total of $7,000 to their IRA for 2022.
  3. Take advantage of a spousal IRA. You typically need to earn taxable income to contribute to an IRA. However, there’s an exception for spouses. A non-working spouse can set up and contribute to an IRA, as long as their spouse has taxable income. However, if you file your taxes separately, you’ll miss out on this opportunity. Your total IRA contributions also can’t exceed the taxable income reported on your joint return.
  4. Make regular contributions throughout the year. If you wait for a year-end bonus to make your annual IRA contribution, you might be shortchanging yourself. Try to make small monthly contributions. Known as dollar-cost averaging, this makes saving money a habit and can result in more efficient investments. It may help your IRA grow more quickly.
  5. Start contributing as early as possible. It’s never too early to begin saving for retirement, so open an IRA as soon as you’re able and start your deposits as early in the year as possible.
  6. Look into a Roth conversion. Both traditional and Roth IRAs offer tax advantages. However, they differ. A traditional account offers an immediate tax deduction on contributions and then taxes withdrawals in retirement as regular income. With a Roth, there’s no tax deduction for contributions. However, the money is tax-free in retirement. If you have a traditional IRA, you can convert it to a Roth account.
  7. Invest for the long term. As far as your money in your IRA, “set it and forget it.” Moving it around frequently could incur fees and selling off investments during a down market simply means you’ll be locking in losses. Determine the appropriate investment strategy for your goals and risk tolerance and then stay with it. And remember that you may have to ride out some short-term bumps in the market to maximize your long-term gains.
  8. Talk to an expert. For savvy investors and those with the time and inclination to research investment choices, managing an IRA can be a viable option. For others, using a professional can save time and may result in better returns.

Reference: Money Talks News (Dec. 20, 2021) “8 Ways to Maximize Your Traditional or Roth IRA”

Do I Need an Estate Plan If I’m 25?

Florida Today’s recent article entitled “No matter your age, income or crushing debt, you should have an estate plan” explains that the purpose of a good estate plan is that it allows you to maintain control over how your assets are distributed if you die.

It names someone to make decisions for you, if you can no longer act for yourself. Let’s look at the different documents that are necessary.

Power of attorney: If you become incapacitated, someone still needs to pay your bills and handle your finances. A POA names the person you’d want to have that responsibility.

Health care surrogate: This document is used if you become incapacitated and appoints the individual whom you want to make health care decisions on your behalf.

Last will and testament: This document designates both who oversees your estate, who gets your assets and how they should be transferred.

Beneficiary designations: Part of your planning is to name who should receive money from life insurance policies, annuities, retirement accounts and other financial accounts.

HIPAA Waiver: This is a legal document that allows an individual’s health information to be used or disclosed to a third party. Without this, loved ones may not be able to be a part of decisions and treatment.

Trust. A trust can facilitate passing property to your heirs and potentially provide tax benefits for both you and your beneficiaries.

As you can see, there are a number of reasons to have an estate plan.

Estate planning isn’t only for the rich, and it doesn’t have to be overly complicated.

An experienced estate planning lawyer, also called a trusts and estates attorney, can work with you to create an estate plan customized to your needs, financial affairs and family situation.

Putting your wishes in writing will make certain that your affairs are in order for now and in the future and help your family.

Reference: Florida Today (May 28, 2022) “No matter your age, income or crushing debt, you should have an estate plan”

How Do IRAs and 401(k)s Fit into Estate Planning?

When investing for retirement, two common types of accounts are part of the planning: 401(k)s and IRAs. J.P. Morgan’s recent article entitled “What are IRAs and 401(k)s?” explains that a 401(k) is an employer-sponsored plan that lets you contribute some of your paycheck to save for retirement.

A potential benefit of a 401(k) is that your employer may match your contributions to your account up to a certain point. If this is available to you, then a good goal is to contribute at least enough to receive the maximum matching contribution your employer offers. An IRA is an account you usually open on your own. As far as these accounts are concerned, the key is knowing the various benefits and limitations of each type. Remember that you may be able to have more than one type of account.

IRAs and 401(k)s can come in two main types – traditional and Roth – with significant differences. However, both let you to delay paying taxes on any investment growth or income, while your money is in the account.

Your contributions to traditional or “pretax” 401(k)s are automatically excluded from your taxable income, while contributions to traditional IRAs may be tax-deductible. For an IRA, it means that you may be able to deduct your contributions from your income for tax purposes. This may decrease your taxes. Even if you aren’t eligible for a tax-deduction, you are still allowed to make a contribution to a traditional IRA, as long as you have earned income. When you withdraw money from traditional IRAs or 401(k)s, distributions are generally taxed as ordinary income.

With Roth IRAs and Roth 401(k)s, you contribute after-tax dollars, and the withdrawals you take are tax-free, provided that they’re a return of contributions or “qualified distributions” as defined by the IRS. For Roth IRAs, your income may limit the amount you can contribute, or whether you can contribute at all.

If a Roth 401(k) is offered by your employer, a big benefit is that your ability to contribute typically isn’t phased out when your income reaches a certain level. 401(k) plans have higher annual IRS contribution limits than traditional and Roth IRAs.

When investing for retirement, you may be able to use both a 401(k) and an IRA with both Roth and traditional account types. Note that there are some exceptions to the rule that withdrawals from IRAs and 401(k)s before age 59½ typically trigger an additional 10% early withdrawal tax.

Reference: J.P. Morgan (May 12, 2021) “What are IRAs and 401(k)s?”

What Is the Best Way to Leave Money to Children?

Parents and grandparents want what’s best for children and grandchildren. We love generously sharing with them during our lifetimes—family vacations, values and history. If we can, we also want to pass on a financial legacy with little or no complications, explains a recent article titled “4 Tax-Smart Ways to Share the Wealth with Kids” from Kiplinger.

There are many ways to transfer wealth from one person to another. However, there are only a handful of tools to effectively transfer financial gifts for future generations during our lifetimes. UTMA/UGMA accounts, 529 accounts, IRAs, and Irrevocable Gift Trusts are the most widely used.

Which option will be best for you and your family? It depends on how much control you want to have, the goal of your gift and its size.

UTMA/UGMA Accounts, the short version for Uniform Transfers to Minor or Uniform Gift to Minor accounts, allows gifts to be set aside for minors who would otherwise not be allowed to own significant property. These custodial accounts let you designate someone—it could be you—to manage gifted funds, until the child becomes of legal age, depending on where you live, 18 or 21.

It takes very little to set up the account. You can do it with your local bank branch. However, the funds are taxable to the child and if an investment triggers a “kiddie tax,” putting the child into a high tax bracket and in line with income tax brackets for non-grantor trusts, it could become expensive. Your estate planning attorney will help you determine if this makes sense.

What may concern you more: when the minor turns 18 or 21, they own the account and can do whatever they want with the funds.

529 College Savings Accounts are increasingly popular for passing on wealth to the next generation. The main goal of a 529 is for educational purposes. However, there are many qualified expenses that it may be used for. Any income from transfers into the account is free of federal income tax, as long as distributions are used for qualified expenses. Any gains may be nontaxable under local and state laws, depending on which account you open and where you live. Contributions to 529 accounts qualify for the annual gift tax exclusion but can also be used for other gift and estate tax planning methods, including letting you make front-loaded gifts for up to five years without tapping your lifetime estate tax exemption.

You may also change the beneficiary of the account at any time, so if one child doesn’t use all their funds, they can be used by another child.

From the IRS’ perspective, a child’s IRA is the same as an adult IRA. The traditional IRA allows an immediate deduction for income taxes when contributions are made. Neither income nor principal are taxed until funds are withdrawn. By contrast, a Roth IRA has no up-front tax deduction. However, any earned income is tax free, as are withdrawals. There are other considerations and limits.  However, generally speaking the Roth IRA is the preferred approach for children and adults when the income earner expects to be in a higher tax bracket when they retire. It’s safe to say that most younger children with earned income will earn more income in their adult years.

The most versatile way to make gifts to minors is through a trust. There’s no one-size-fits-all trust, and tax rules can be complex. Therefore, trusts should only be created with the help of an experienced estate planning attorney. A trust is a private agreement naming a trustee who will manage the assets in the trust for a beneficiary. The terms can be whatever the grantor (the person creating the trust) wants. Trusts can be designed to be fully asset-protected for a beneficiary’s lifetime, as long as they align with state law. The trust should have a provision for what will occur if the beneficiary or the primary trustee dies before the end of the trust.

Reference: Kiplinger (May 15, 2022) “4 Tax-Smart Ways to Share the Wealth with Kids”

Is a Roth Conversion a Good Idea when the Market Is Down?

A stock market downturn may be a prime time for a Roth IRA conversion, reports CNBC’s recent article titled “Here’s why a Roth individual retirement account conversion may pay off in a down market.” This is especially true if you were considering a Roth conversion and never got around to it.

A Roth conversion allows higher earners to sidestep earnings limits for Roth IRA contributions, which are capped at $144,00 MAGI (Modified Adjusted Gross Income) for singles and $214,000 for married couples filing jointly in 2022.

Investors make non-deductible contributions to a pre-tax IRA, before converting funds to a Roth IRA. The tradeoff is the upfront tax bill created by contributions and earnings. The bigger the pre-tax balance, the more taxes you’ll pay on the conversion. However, the current market may make this a perfect time for a Roth conversion.

Let’s say you own a traditional IRA worth $100,000, and its value drops to $65,000. Ouch! However, you can save money by converting $65,000 to a Roth instead of $100,000. You’ll pay taxes on the $65,000, not $100,000.

According to Fidelity Investments, the first quarter of 2022 saw Roth conversions increase by 18%, compared to the first quarter of 2021. That was before the second quarter’s market volatility, which has been more dramatic.

The decision to do a Roth conversion can’t take place in a vacuum. Consider how many years of tax savings it will take to break even on the upfront tax bill. Weigh combined balances across any other IRA accounts, because of the “pro-rata rule,” which factors in your total pre-tax and after-tax funds to determine your tax costs.

Attractive features of the Roth IRA are the freedom to take—or not take—distributions when you want, and there are no taxes on the withdrawals. However, there is an exception, and it pertains to conversions—the five year rule.

If you do a conversion from a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA, you have to wait five years before making any withdrawals of the converted balance, regardless of your age. It’s an expensive mistake, with a 10% penalty. The clock begins running on January 1 of the year of the conversion. If you are close to retirement and will need funds within that timeframe, you’ll need other assets to live on.

However, there’s more. If the conversion increases your Adjusted Gross Income (AGI), it may create other issues. Medicare Part B calculates monthly premiums using Modified Adjusted Gross Income (MAGI) from two years prior, which means a higher income in 2022 will lead to higher Medicare bills in 2024.

Before doing a Roth conversion, evaluate your entire financial and retirement situation.

Reference: CNBC (May 10, 2022) “Here’s why a Roth individual retirement account conversion may pay off in a down market”

Does Power of Attorney Perform the Same Way in Every State?

A power of attorney is an estate planning legal document signed by a person, referred to as the “principal,” who grants all or part of their decision-making power to another person, who is known as the “agent.” Power of attorney laws vary by state, making it crucial to work with an estate planning attorney who is experienced in the law of the principal’s state of residence. The recent article from limaohio.com, titled “When ‘anything and everything’ does not mean anything and everything,” explains what this means for agents attempting to act on behalf of principals.

When a global or comprehensive power of attorney grants an agent the ability to do everything and anything, it may seem to the layperson they may do whatever they need to do. However, each state has laws defining an agent’s role and responsibilities.

As a matter of state law, a power of attorney does not include everything.

In some states, unless certain powers are explicitly stated, the POA does not include the right to do the following:

  • Create, amend, revoke, or terminate a trust
  • Make a gift
  • Change a beneficiary designation on an account
  • Change a beneficiary designation on a life insurance policy.

If you want your agent to be able to do any of these things, consult with an experienced estate planning attorney, who will know what your state’s law allows.

You’ll also want to keep in mind any gifting empowered by the POA. If you want your agent to gift your property to other people or to the agent, the power to gift is limited to $16,000 of value to any person in one year, unless the POA explicitly states the power to gift may exceed $16,000. An estate planning attorney will know what your state’s limits are and the tax implications of any gifts in excess of $16,000.

These types of limitations are intended to give some common-sense parameters to the POA.

Most people don’t know this, but the power of attorney can be as narrow or as broad as the principal wishes. You may want your brother-in-law to manage the sale of your home but aren’t sure he’ll do a good job with your fine art collection. Your estate planning attorney can create a power of attorney excluding him from taking any role with the art collection and empowering him to handle everything else.

Reference: limaohio.com (April 30, 2022) “When ‘anything and everything’ does not mean anything and everything”

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