What Should I Do to Get My Affairs in Order?

Estate planning is one of the most important tasks you can do for your family. It has many different steps. Using a checklist can help be sure your wishes are met and simplify the process for loved ones, according to an article from Forbes, “Estate Planning Checklist: Get Your Affairs In Order.” Every plan is different. However, there are several primary steps everyone needs to take to protect their future and secure their legacy.

Identifying What Needs to Happen to Protect Wealth: Asset protection is crucial to estate planning. One way to do this is to create a Medicaid protection plan. Nursing home care is expensive and not covered by Medicare or other medical insurance, except in very limited situations. Medicaid does cover custodial care in a nursing home. However, you need limited assets to qualify. A Medicaid plan helps ensure that you can access care while protecting wealth. Ask your estate planning attorney about a Medicaid Asset Protection Trust.

You may also need to protect assets against creditor claims, be sure an irresponsible heir doesn’t burn through any inheritance, or take steps to limit or avoid estate taxes. All of these can be accomplished with the help of an experienced estate planning attorney.

Consider Your Heirs and Their Needs: You may face unique circumstances impacting the people who inherit your wealth or your ability to provide for them. For instance, a direct inheritance could jeopardize their eligibility if your family includes a special needs individual who receives government benefits such as Supplemental Security Income (SSI) or Medicaid. You may need to have a Special Needs Trust (SNT) created.

Other issues to consider when creating your estate plan include leaving money or other assets to minor children not old enough to inherit or manage funds or leaving money to someone you don’t trust to manage it. By thinking about who you wish to provide for, you can make informed choices about the strategies and tools used to create your estate plan.

A Plan to Transfer Assets: Once you’ve clarified your heirs’ needs and any potential threats to your wealth, you’ll be better positioned to create an estate plan to facilitate the transfer of your property to the people or charities you want after death.

Your estate plan will likely include the following:

A last will and testament.
Pay-on-death accounts.
Jointly owned property.
Revocable Trusts.
Irrevocable Trusts.

Prepare for Incapacity: Preparing for possible incapacity should be a key part of your estate planning checklist. This includes:

Creating a durable power of attorney—to allow someone of your choosing to act on your behalf in managing assets and making decisions for you.
Naming a healthcare proxy—giving someone the power to make medical decisions for you.
Creating a living will—allowing you to convey your wishes for medical care regarding being kept alive by artificial means.

Address Other Issues: If you have minor children, your will is used to name a guardian. You may also mention your pets and designate a person to care for them and arrange financial support for their lifetime. You can also include instructions for your funeral, although the will may not be reviewed for a while after your passing. Talk with your estate planning attorney about how to best handle this in your jurisdiction.

Reference: Forbes (Dec. 25, 2023) “Estate Planning Checklist: Get Your Affairs In Order”

Should My Pet Be in My Will?

Most of us love our pets like family, yet chances are you haven’t made a plan for your pets if you become incapacitated or die before they do. This is mainly because it’s unpleasant to consider, according to a recent article from The Washington Post, “What would happen to your pets if you weren’t here?”

In generations past, pets lived in the barn or mostly outside. They ate table scraps and whatever they could catch. Pets now have their own beds, go on family vacation, and are often seen at restaurants, hotels and airports. Americans spent an estimated $143.6 billion this year on pet care.

Contemplating your own death is unpleasant, as is considering your death and distribution of all your assets. However, having a conversation about your pets can give you the peace of mind of knowing your beloved animal companions will be cared for after you have passed or if you cannot care for them.

The problem is, if no plans have been made for the pet, they could end up in a shelter and, worse, be euthanized. This particularly concerns older pets, who are far less likely to be adopted than younger animals.

The first step is deciding who you would want to care for your pets. Who would take your dog or cat? This changes over time, as people in their 40s might think their parents will take their pets. However, ten or twenty years later, their parents will probably not be able to take on caregiving.

Next, have a detailed conversation with the person or people you want to take care of your pets. Is their lifestyle and living situation pet-friendly, and would it suit your pet? Talk with them about your pet’s health history, daily routines, like, and dislikes.

You’ll need a budget for your pet’s care. Add up their basic monthly costs, like food, treats, flea and tick prevention medications, then add in vet check-ups and shots, licensing fees and boarding costs. Build in increasing veterinary expenses, which increase as pets age, just like people. The total will be vital to calculating how much money you’ll need to set aside for your pet’s future care.

Under the law, pets are considered property, so you can’t leave them assets in your will. However, you can establish a trust for your pet, an enforceable legal arrangement for them in the event of your death or incapacity. The pet trust is a stand-alone document. However, estate planning attorneys recommend including a clause about it in your last will and testament to ensure that the people involved know about it and that your estate will adequately fund it.

Wills can take months or years to wind through the probate process, leaving your pet in limbo during this time. A trust is effective as soon as a death certificate is ready.

Your estate planning attorney can help create a pet trust. Then, you’ll need two roles: a trustee to manage and distribute funds and a custodian to receive the funds and use them to house and care for your pet. One person could fill both roles, or you could name a person to handle each of the two roles.

Pet trusts are typically set up as inter vivos trusts, also known as revocable or living trusts. They become effective upon your death or if you become seriously ill or injured. Trusts are set up like any other trust, except the beneficiary is an animal. All fifty states recognize some form of a pet trust.

Because your pets’ needs and the people you’ve assigned as trustees and guardians may change over time, reviewing the pet trust regularly is a good idea. The same is true of your overall estate plan.

Reference: The Washington Post (Dec. 5, 2023) “What would happen to your pets if you weren’t here?”

Estate Planning for Elderly Parents

Estate planning is a crucial process for everyone. However, it becomes particularly imperative for our elderly parents. As they advance in age, creating a complete estate plan ensures that their wishes are honored, and their affairs are in order for the inevitable. This guide will walk you through the essential steps and documents involved in estate planning for aging parents, helping you to make financial and medical decisions that are aligned with their desires.

Understanding the Importance of an Estate Plan for Your Elderly Parent

Estate planning is not merely about distributing assets. It’s a comprehensive approach to managing an elderly parent’s financial affairs and medical decisions and ensuring that their long-term care needs are met. It’s about ensuring that your parents’ hard-earned assets are passed on to their beneficiaries with as little complication as possible.

The Role of a Will in Your Parent’s Estate Plan

A will is the cornerstone of any estate plan. It dictates how your parent’s assets will be distributed. However, a will cannot help avoid probate, which is a lengthy and public legal process. A will is a “probate” legal instrument. Only assets subject to probate are subject to the terms of a will. Nevertheless, it’s essential to ensure that your parents have a will in place and that it’s updated to reflect their current wishes.

Trusts: A Planning Tool for Financial and Medical Decisions

Trusts can be a versatile component of an estate plan, offering more control over assets than a will. A revocable trust, for example, can be altered as your parents’ wishes or circumstances change. In contrast, an irrevocable trust can provide benefits, such as estate tax reductions and protection from creditors.

The Power of Attorney: A Must-Have in Your Parents’ Estate

A durable power of attorney allows your parents to appoint someone to make financial or medical decisions on their behalf if they become incapacitated. This document is crucial for ensuring that their affairs can be managed without court intervention.

Medical Directives and the Patient Advocate Role

Medical directives, including a living will and medical power of attorney, allow your parents to make end-of-life care decisions in advance. They appoint a patient advocate when estate planning ensures that these wishes are respected.

Long-Term Care Planning: Preparing for Future Needs

Long-term care planning is an often-overlooked aspect of estate planning. It involves preparing for potential nursing or in-home care, which can be financially devastating without proper planning.

The Importance of Discussing Estate Planning Goals with Your Parents

Open conversations about estate planning can help align your parents’ goals with the actual planning. It’s a step towards ensuring that their wishes are clearly understood and followed.

Choosing the Right Estate Planning Attorney

Consulting with an experienced estate planning attorney is vital. They can provide guidance tailored to your parents’ unique situation and help navigate the complexities of estate law.

When to Begin Estate Planning for Elderly Parents

The best time to begin estate planning is now. Procrastination can lead to unnecessary complications and stress in an already difficult time.

Estate Planning Documents: What Your Parents Will Need

A comprehensive estate plan includes several key documents: a will, trust, power of attorney, medical directives and more. Ensuring that these documents are in place and up to date is crucial.

Estate Planning for Aging Parents: A Summary

Create a comprehensive estate plan to manage financial and medical decisions.
Draft a will to outline asset distribution and avoid probate.
Consider trusts for greater control and potential tax benefits.
Establish power of attorney to handle affairs in the event of incapacity.
Implement medical directives to ensure that end-of-life wishes are met.
Plan for long-term care to protect against future financial burdens.
Discuss estate planning goals openly with your parents.
Seek an experienced estate planning attorney for personalized advice.
Start estate planning early to avoid complications later.
Keep all important documents in one place for easy access, when needed.

Schedule a consultation today for more information about the estate planning process or to get started.

Estate Planning can Protect Beloved Pets

While pets are still legally considered possessions, they are also recognized as family members deserving of a safe and happy future, says a recent article from The Record-Courier, “Estate planning for pets.”

Estate planning for pets involves creating provisions for the pets’ care and well-being if their owner becomes incapacitated or after the owner’s passing. The goal of estate planning for pets is to be sure that they will receive the same level of care, attention and resources they enjoyed even if their owner is unable or alive to care for them.

Estate planning for pets involves more than securing funds for their care. It requires a complete plan to protect their future, from designating caregivers, addressing specific needs, habits, preferences, daily routines, and personality quirks, considering any legal or financial issues and planning for alternate solutions if the primary plan becomes unattainable.

The more details addressed in the estate plan for the pet, the better protected they will be.

Designating a guardian for the pet is usually the most important step. This is the person you want to care for the pet and probably bring the pet into their home. It is critical to have a detailed conversation with the potential guardian to ensure that they understand what they are being asked to do and ensure they can and are willing to follow your wishes.

You should have one or even two backup guardians, if the primary guardian becomes unable or unwilling to serve. The estate plan should also prepare for a situation where no designated people can care for the pet and provide an alternate solution, such as placing the pet in a no-kill shelter or charging the trustee with finding a good home.

Designation of sufficient funds is also necessary. Consider how long the pet is likely to live, the cost of veterinary care in your community, and any emergency care.

Different legal documents are used to prepare estate plans addressing care for a pet. A pet trust is a legally recognized document, with funds set aside for the pet’s care in the trust, managed by the trustee by the terms of the trust. You can also use provisions in your last will and testament, with a designated individual nominated to care for the pet. However, the trust is more enforceable, with the trustee having a fiduciary obligation to carry out the terms of the trust.

Estate planning with pets in mind is a responsible way to ensure that your beloved animal companions have a secure future even if you cannot provide it for them. Your estate planning attorney will be able to create a pet trust to alleviate any concerns about your pet’s future.

Reference: The Record-Courier (Oct. 21, 2023) “Estate planning for pets”

Now Is the Time for Estate Planning

Individuals in their twenties are usually focused on their careers, acquiring assets and enjoying life—death is one of the last things on their minds, according to a recent article from The National Law Review, “Don’t Wait until Time Is Up.” However, unexpected things happen, even to healthy young people.

Estate planning documents, including Power of Attorney, Healthcare Proxy and Living Will, should be prepared because they go into effect as soon as they are executed, allowing others to carry out legal, financial and health wishes in case of incapacity.

Thirty-somethings may have reached various milestones, such as marriage, having children, owning property, starting a business, or working in the family business. This is also a time when life-changing events occur, such as divorce, death in the family, inheritance, moving to another state and more. Estate planning documents should be in place now, including a will and ancillary documents. This may also be the time to establish trusts to accomplish estate planning goals.

If you are getting married, already married, divorced, or remarried, it’s time to call your estate planning attorney. Estate planning is often negotiated as part of prenuptial, postnuptial and separation agreements. Upon getting married or remarried, your estate plan must be updated to include your new spouse and/or remove your ex-spouse. A new spouse may have elective rights to a portion of their spouse’s estate if they remain married at death and the deceased spouse has failed to provide for their surviving spouse.

One of the most important provisions of a will is the designation of a guardian of minor children. The guardian will take legal custody and responsibility for minor children if both natural parents die while the child is under legal age. Any new parent must execute a will or update their will to designate a guardian. Within the will, you may also request guidelines for guardians to file while raising minor children. The court must find and appoint a guardian if there is no will or the will does not designate a guardian.

If you die without a will, the state laws of intestacy control, which means your spouse and nearest heirs will inherit your estate. If this is not your intention and you want to leave assets to friends, charities, or other relatives, then you need a will.

An estate plan is also needed to streamline the probate and administrative process of the estate. An estate plan can be designed to effectively minimize the expense, delay, and loss of privacy of the probate process. This is typically done by establishing a Living Revocable Trust in addition to the will. The trust can be funded during your lifetime and controlled by you before death. Assets don’t pass through the will, avoiding the need for probate.

One of the first steps of probate is filing the will with the appropriate court when the will becomes part of the public record, and anyone can access it. Probate varies from state to state, and courts experiencing back-ups can delay admitting the will and appointing an executor to manage and distribute the assets. This process can take up to a year in some New York Surrogate courts.

Having an estate plan in place and updating it regularly can help protect assets and beneficiaries. If you haven’t already implemented it, now is the best time to begin.

Reference: The National Law Review (Sep. 12, 2023) “Don’t Wait until Time Is Up”

Which Is the Best to Way to Transfer Wealth, Trusts or Wills?

Even when everyone in the family grows up and gets along, settling an estate can bring back old sibling battles. It is even more likely if there are large sums of money or valuable property at stake. This makes having a well-prepared estate plan necessary and making those plans clear to family members long before they are needed.

A recent article from The Motley Fool, “Living Trust vs. Will: Which Is The Best Way to Pass Inheritance to Your Family?” explores how best to prepare for the future.

A will, also known as a last will and testament, instructs the executor of your estate how to distribute assets to heirs after your death.

A trust allows you to transfer assets at any time—including while you are still living—however you want, whenever you want. A trustee is the person named in the trust who is responsible for administering the trust. You can protect your children from mismanaging their inheritance with a good trustee and a properly prepared trust.

One of the biggest differences between a will and a trust is that the will takes effect only after you die.It also usually requires review and approval by a probate court. A trust is funded while you are living and does not go through the probate process.

Many people use both a will and a trust for their estate plans.

The will is best created by an experienced estate planning attorney who knows the estate and tax laws of your state. Wills are also used to name your executor and appoint a guardian for minor children. If your children are young, you want this in your will. Remember that when wills go through probate, they become part of the public record. As a result, anyone who wants to can read your will.

Trusts fall into two main categories—revocable and irrevocable. The difference is as it sounds; the grantor can change the revocable trust after it’s created. Irrevocable trusts can’t be changed once established, although some states permit what is known as “decanting”—pouring the contents from one trust into another. Your estate planning attorney will know if your state permits this.

One benefit of a trust is privacy. The trust doesn’t go through probate, so no one but the trustee and, depending on the trust, the beneficiaries, know what is in it. Assets in the trust are also distributed as directed in the trust, so they go directly to beneficiaries. There is no court involvement.

In addition, when assets are placed in the trust, they are owned by the trust and not the person who created the trust (the grantor).

Whether you are beginning to plan your estate or updating an existing plan, your estate planning attorney will help you understand your options, so you can create a plan best suited for you and your family.

Reference: The Motley Fool (July 7, 2023) “Living Trust vs. Will: Which Is The Best Way to Pass Inheritance to Your Family?”

Where Is the Best Place to Keep Your Will?

Aretha Franklin may have done the right thing in writing down her wishes. However, she made a costly mistake resulting in an expensive estate battle over a multimillion-dollar estate, says a recent article from The Washington Post, “Aretha Franklin’s will was in her couch. Here’s where to keep yours.”

Three of her sons battled in court over handwritten wills, one of which was found under her couch cushions. Another was found in a locked cabinet. Her family was put into a pricey, heart-breaking and public battle by failing to be clear about her final wishes and improperly storing the wills. This is not likely the legacy you want to leave.

If you have a will, keep it in a place where it will be secure and easily found. Don’t put it in your bank’s safe deposit box. The bank will seal the box when it learns of your passing, and your executor may need a copy of the will and a court order to open the box. This will add a layer of delay and stress to administering your will. If this is the only option, you may want to add your executor as an owner of the safe deposit box and make sure they have a copy of the key.

What about keeping the will at home? A copy of the will can be kept in a fireproof and waterproof safe.However, be sure that someone else has a duplicate key or combination code. Your executor, personal representative, or another trusted person will need to be able to access the will. The risk here is the possibility of someone intentionally destroying the will, if they are disinherited or think you won’t leave them what they deserve.

Can you leave your will with your estate planning attorney? Creating a duplicate set of original documents, one for you to keep at home and another for your estate planning attorney, is a good option. If you choose this route, make sure the family knows the name of the attorney who has the will. If the practice closes, your heirs may need help tracking down the original will.

In some jurisdictions, you can store your original last will with the court. You give your court a sealed will for a one-time fee. The will can then only be released to you or the person you designate in writing. Remember, the will becomes a public document after you die as part of the probate process.

Wills can also be stored online. However, most states don’t yet recognize electronic wills, so your executor would need to have the originally signed copy, even if you have one stored in the cloud. Remember, no matter how secure a site is, even the Pentagon was hacked. Your will could be compromised in a data breach.

Wherever you store your will, estate planning attorneys often recommend leaving a letter of instruction to serve several purposes, including letting family members know your will exists and where it is stored.

To make things easier for your family during a difficult time, put together a binder and include a letter with a list of important information. The list should include assets, names and contact information for the professionals they’ll need to know, including your estate planning attorney, financial advisor and CPA.

When you update your estate planning documents, which should be done every three to five years, or when there is a trigger event in your life (birth, death, divorce), destroy any old wills. Your estate planning attorney will add a provision saying the new will supersedes any previous versions.

If you don’t have a will, state law will dictate how your property will be distributed, which may not be what you want. Known as dying “intestate,” your assets could go to a relative you haven’t seen in decades or people you don’t know or like. Your children, siblings, or parents may not inherit your property, and fighting will likely occur, especially if significant sums of money are involved.

Having a will and making sure people know where it is doesn’t always ensure that there won’t be a battle over your estate. However, it may prevent a war.

Reference: The Washington Post (July 14, 2023) “Aretha Franklin’s will was in her couch. Here’s where to keep yours.”

What Should I Know About Wills?

A valid last will lets you do the following:

Leave assets to people that would be excluded by the laws controlling property distribution after you die;
Change how your assets would be distributed to family members;
Establish caretakers for your children; and
Create requirements for inheriting.

Forbes’ recent article entitled, “Last Will And Testament: Everything You Need To Know,” explains that a will is a legal document created in anticipation of your death. The best known function of a last will is to determine who gets property. However, a last will can also control other things about your property and responsibilities. It’s an important tool in estate planning and one that almost everyone should create.

There are different kinds of last wills that you can create to take control of your legacy. Let’s look at some of the most common types.

Simple Will. With this last will, assets are left directly to beneficiaries. Simple wills are easy to write in most cases, and you can amend them as needed over time. They are a sound choice for those who don’t have children from a prior marriage, who do not have a lot of assets and who do not have concerns about anyone challenging their last will and testament.

Complex Will. This will is used if you have more specialized needs, such as creating a testamentary trust, which is created within your last will. You create the testamentary trust to transfer ownership of assets into a trust instead of directly to beneficiaries. A complex last will can also be used to create a special needs trust (to leave assets to a person with disabilities who relies on means-tested government benefits) or to create a protective trust for your child.

Holographic Will. A holographic will is handwritten by the creator of the last will (known as the testator). This type of last will isn’t recognized in all states. A holographic last will must also often meet specific requirements, such as the last will being signed by witnesses present when the testator signed the document.

Living Will. This is much different from the other kinds of wills. A living will does not specify who inherits assets, but rather is aimed at making advanced decisions about medical care. When you create a living will, you specify what kinds of medical care you do and do not want if decisions must be made while incapacitated.

Reference: Forbes (May 18, 2023) “Last Will And Testament: Everything You Need To Know”

What Does a Last Will and Testament Do?

Your will is the foundation of an estate plan, used to instruct your executor on distributing property, naming a guardian for minor children, creating a legacy and ensuring that your beneficiaries receive what you want. The will can also serve to disinherit a family member, as explained in the recent article “Last will can both include and exclude heirs” from The Record-Courier.

The process of cutting someone out of a will is known as “disinheriting.” Hurt feelings and tension among family members are inevitable when someone is disinherited. However, if the goal is to avoid litigation between family members, an experienced estate planning attorney will be needed. It takes careful planning to avoid creating a will contest. Disinheriting adult children increases the likelihood of them contesting the validity of the will.

Laws concerning inheritance rights vary. In Nevada, for instance, unless there is a prenuptial agreement, you cannot completely disinherit a spouse. Even if your will attempts to disinherit a spouse, in some cases the law will actually override the instructions in the will or trust and award a portion of the estate, known as the elective share, to a surviving spouse. If this is a concern, check with your estate planning attorney.

Adult children can be disinherited. However, minor children are often protected against disinheritance.

Parents can be disinherited if they outlive the decedent, since they are not always legally entitled to a share of their children’s estate.

Extended relatives can also be disinherited. Some estate planning attorneys will conduct a search for missing heirs or beneficiaries while preparing an estate plan to be sure there are no unknown legal heirs who might make themselves known to a decedent’s surviving spouse or other heirs.

Estranged biological children can be disinherited. However, the last will and testament must be properly prepared.

The reasons for disinheritance very from estrangement to the decedent believing their family member is financially secure and doesn’t need the inheritance. It is not necessary for the last will and testament to explain the reason for the disinheritance. However, it is advised to use a disinheritance clause to ensure the heir or beneficiary is removed and will not inherit under the will.

To protect the integrity of the will, it is also advised to include a no-contest clause in the will. This is a provision expressing a directive to eliminate the share allocated to any beneficiary who takes action to contest the testator’s intents as expressed in the will.

The last will and testament is the person’s last communication with loved ones. There is no further opportunity for clarification once they have passed. This is why it’s so important to have a will and for the will to explicitly state the names of the beneficiaries and the names of any disinherited persons.

When you meet with your estate planning attorney to create or update your last will and testament, be prepared to tell them if there are any family members who you want to disinherit, so they can create a last will and testament and an estate plan designed to withstand challenges.

Reference: The Record-Courier (Dec. 17, 2022) “Last will can both include and exclude heirs”

Is an Estate Plan Battle Looming?

Some people don’t create an estate plan before they die. Or, if they do, they failed to have an estate plan created with an experienced estate planning attorney and their will is unclear, or even invalid. They might die with debts conflicting with their wishes. These and other situations can lead to a long and expensive probate period, as described in the article “In-fighting Families, Wills, Laws & Other Things That Could Hold Up Probate” from yahoo!.

How long does it take for an estate to move through the probate process? It depends upon the complexity of the estate and how well—or poorly—the estate plan was created.

What is probate? Probate is the process where the court oversees the settlement of an estate after the owner dies. If there is a will, the court authenticates the will and accepts or denies the executor named in the will to carry out its instructions. The executor is usually the decedent’s spouse or closest living relative.

How does probate work? Probate is governed by state law, so different states have slightly different processes. The first thing is authenticating the will and appointing an executor. The court then locates and accesses all of the property owned by the decedent. If there are any debts, the estate must first pay off the debts. When the debts have been paid, the court can distribute the remaining assets in the estate to heirs.

If there is no will, the person is said to have died intestate. The court may then appoint an administrator to carry out the necessary tasks of paying debts and distributing assets. The administrator is paid from the estate.

How long does it take? It depends. If the decedent had placed most of their assets in trust, those assets are not subject to probate and are distributed according to the terms of the trust. If there are multiple properties in multiple states, probate has to be conducted in all states where property is owned. In other words, probate could be six months or three years.

Estate size matters. Certain states use the total value of the estate to determine its size, rather than examine individual properties. Possessions subject to probate usually include personal property, cash and cash accounts, transferable accounts with no named beneficiaries, assets with shared ownership or tenancy in common and real estate.

Possessions not typically subject to probate include insurance proceeds, accounts owned as Joint Tenant with Rights of Survivorship, accounts with a beneficiary designation and assets owned in trusts.

Probate varies from state to state. Probate is not nationally regulated, and state-level laws vary. An estate could be swiftly completed in one state and take a few months in another. Some states have adopted the Uniform Probate Code (UPC), designed to streamline the probate process by creating standardized laws. However, only 18 states have adopted this code to date.

Fighting among heirs makes probate take longer. Even small disputes can extend the probate process. If there are estranged family members, or someone feels they deserve a larger share of the estate, conflicts can lead to probate coming to a full stop.

An experienced estate planning attorney can help structure an estate plan to minimize the amount of assets passing through probate, while ensuring that your wishes are followed and loved ones are protected.

Reference: yahoo! (Nov. 21, 2022) “In-fighting Families, Wills, Laws & Other Things That Could Hold Up Probate”

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